Climate change poses a critical threat to agricultural systems worldwide, with rice-based farming in Nepal being particularly vulnerable. This qualitative study assesses the effect of climate change on rice dominant farming system in Bardiya Nepal, focusing on shifting weather patterns, crop productivity, and farmers’ adaptation strategies. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews, transect walks, and agricultural calendar analysis. Findings reveal that delayed and erratic monsoons disrupt traditional planting schedules, forcing farmers to transplant over-aged seedlings, leading to reduced yields. Additionally, increased droughts, floods, and hailstorms further diminish crop output, compelling farmers to abandon long-duration local rice varieties in favor of drought-resistant and hybrid alternatives. The study identifies key challenges, including late seedbed preparation, moisture stress, and input shortages, which exacerbate food insecurity. Farmers have adopted adaptive measures such as use of electric irrigation pumps, modified crop rotations, and climate resilient rice varieties (Drought resistant Sukha series - Sukha dhan-1, -2, -3). However, limited access to resources and technology constrains their adaptive capacity. The research underscores the need for climate-smart agriculture, integrating local knowledge with scientific innovations to enhance resilience. Policymakers must prioritize institutional support, such as timely input supply, drought-tolerant seeds, and community-based adaptation programs, to mitigate climate risks. This study highlights the urgent necessity for sustainable strategies to safeguard Nepal’s rice-based farming systems, ensuring food security and livelihoods amid escalating climatic uncertainties.